| CMA | 
    calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) | 
  
  
    | ITVカメラ | 
    ITV camera | 
  
  
    | WIによる散布管理方法 | 
    CMA application control based on winter Index | 
  
  
    | アイカメラ | 
    eye-tracking camera | 
  
  
    | アスファルト安定処理 | 
    asphalt stabilization | 
  
  
    | 厚い氷 | 
    thick ice | 
  
  
    | 圧雪 | 
    compacted snow | 
  
  
    | 圧雪厚基準 | 
    compacted snow thickness standard | 
  
  
    | 圧雪層 | 
    compacted snow layer | 
  
  
    | 安全走行 | 
    driving safety | 
  
  
    | 石狩吹雪実験場 | 
    Ishikari Blowing Snow Test Field | 
  
  
    | 五つの方針 | 
    five policies | 
  
  
    | 移流 | 
    advection | 
  
  
    | 右折車 | 
    right-turning car | 
  
  
    | 運搬排雪 | 
    snow hauling, snow removal by hauling | 
  
  
    | 雲量 | 
    cloud cover, sky cover | 
  
  
    | 塩化カルシウム | 
    calcium chloride | 
  
  
    | 遠隔化 | 
    remote area | 
  
  
    | 塩化ナトリウム | 
    sodium chloride | 
  
  
    | 沿道 | 
    roadside | 
  
  
    | 大型車 | 
    large car | 
  
  
    | 大吹雪 | 
    snowstorm | 
  
  
    | 大雪 | 
    heavy snowfall | 
  
  
    | 温度・湿度計 | 
    thermohygrograph | 
  
  
    | 回帰直線 | 
    regression line | 
  
  
    | 街区 | 
    block | 
  
  
    | 滑降風 ・ おろし | 
    katabatic wind (drainage) | 
  
  
    | 滑昇風 | 
    anabatic wind | 
  
  
    | かまぼこ状 | 
    barrel-shaped / cylindrical | 
  
  
    | 過冷却した雨 | 
    supercooled rain | 
  
  
    | 岩塩 | 
    rock salt | 
  
  
    | 環境負荷 | 
    an environmental load | 
  
  
    | 監視センター | 
    surveillance centre | 
  
  
    | 幹線(道路) | 
    trunk road | 
  
  
    | 幹線道路ネットワーク | 
    trunk road network | 
  
  
    | 乾燥路面 | 
    dry pavement | 
  
  
    | 官能試験 | 
    organoleptics | 
  
  
    | 気温 | 
    air temperature | 
  
  
    | 規格・標準・水準 | 
    standard | 
  
  
    | 気象観測装置 | 
    telemeter | 
  
  
    | 気象条件 | 
    weather conditions | 
  
  
    | 気象パラメーター | 
    meteorological parameter | 
  
  
    | 気象レーダー | 
    weather radar | 
  
  
    | 基層 | 
    binder course | 
  
  
    | 輝度 | 
    luminance | 
  
  
    | 基本方針 | 
    basic strategies | 
  
  
    | きめの粗さ | 
    rough texture, roughness | 
  
  
    | 狭小道路 | 
    narrow road | 
  
  
    | 協働 | 
    to cooperate | 
  
  
    | 協働体制 | 
    cooperation system | 
  
  
    | 共融点 | 
    utectic point | 
  
  
    | 霧雨 | 
    drizzle, fog | 
  
  
    | 空隙 | 
    void | 
  
  
    | 空隙率 | 
    void contents | 
  
  
    | 区民懇談会 | 
    discussion sessions with ward residents | 
  
  
    | グランド・フロスト | 
    ground frost | 
  
  
    | 計画期間 | 
    target period | 
  
  
    | 計画除雪 | 
    planned snow removal | 
  
  
    | 警報 | 
    warning | 
  
  
    | 下水処理水 | 
    processed sewer /  processed sewerage | 
  
  
    | 結露 | 
    condensation | 
  
  
    | 牽引型散布車 | 
    trailer spreaders | 
  
  
    | 玄関 | 
    an entrance | 
  
  
    | 現場透水試験 | 
    on site permeability test | 
  
  
    | コア抜取り | 
    core sampling | 
  
  
    | 公共交通機関 | 
    public transportation | 
  
  
    | 交差点 | 
    intersection | 
  
  
    | 交差点の除排雪の強化 | 
    intensified snow hauling and removal at intersections | 
  
  
    | 交差点のポケットスペース | 
    pocket space at the intersection | 
  
  
    | 豪雪時体制 | 
    emergency procedures for extraordinarily heavy snowfall | 
  
  
    | 降雪情報 | 
    snowfall information | 
  
  
    | 降雪センサー | 
    snow detector | 
  
  
    | 降雪予報 | 
    snowfall forecast | 
  
  
    | 交通需要マネジメント(tdm) | 
    traffic demand management | 
  
  
    | 交通障害 | 
    traffic hindrance | 
  
  
    | 交通体系 | 
    the transportation system | 
  
  
    | 交通渋滞 | 
    traffic congestion | 
  
  
    | 公道 | 
    public road | 
  
  
    | 高粘度改質バインダ | 
    high-viscosity modified binder | 
  
  
    | 勾配区間 | 
    slope section | 
  
  
    | 広報内容の充実 | 
    improving the information content | 
  
  
    | 高齢者 | 
    the elderly | 
  
  
    | 氷 | 
    ice | 
  
  
    | 小型車 | 
    small car | 
  
  
    | 国道 | 
    national highway | 
  
  
    | こな雪 | 
    powder snow | 
  
  
    | こな雪下層氷板 | 
    larger snowflakes with an underlying ice layer | 
  
  
    | サービスレベル | 
    level of service | 
  
  
    | サーマルマッピング | 
    thermal mapping | 
  
  
    | 砕石 | 
    crushed stone | 
  
  
    | 最頻値 | 
    mode | 
  
  
    | 坂道ヒーティング | 
    slope heating | 
  
  
    | 左折車 | 
    left-turning car | 
  
  
    | 札幌圏ホワイトネット | 
    Greater Sapporo WHITE-NET Experimental project | 
  
  
    | 札幌圏 | 
    greater Sapporo area | 
  
  
    | 札幌市基本構想 | 
    Basic Concepts for Sapporo | 
  
  
    | 札幌市広報 | 
    City Official report | 
  
  
    | 札幌市雪対策基本計画 | 
    Master Plan for Snow and Ice Control | 
  
  
    | 散布 | 
    to grit, to spread | 
  
  
    | 散布延長 | 
    treated length | 
  
  
    | 散布パターン | 
    spread pattern | 
  
  
    | 散布幅 | 
    spread width | 
  
  
    | 散布率 | 
    spread rate | 
  
  
    | 残留塩 | 
    residual salt | 
  
  
    | 塩散布 | 
    salt spreading | 
  
  
    | 視界 | 
    visibility | 
  
  
    | 視界不良 | 
    poor visibility | 
  
  
    | 試験舗装区間 | 
    test pavement section | 
  
  
    | 事後散布、除氷 | 
    post salting (UK), de-icing (USA) | 
  
  
    | 指針 | 
    guideline | 
  
  
    | 視線 | 
    sight line | 
  
  
    | 視線挙動 | 
    optokinetic | 
  
  
    | 事前散布、凍結防止 | 
    pre-salting (UK), anti-icing (USA) | 
  
  
    | 視線入射角 | 
    angle of incidences | 
  
  
    | 視線誘導 | 
    visual guidance | 
  
  
    | 視線誘導標 | 
    delineator | 
  
  
    | 湿塩 | 
    pre-wetted salt | 
  
  
    | 湿潤路面 | 
    wet pavement | 
  
  
    | 湿雪 | 
    wet snow | 
  
  
    | 湿度 | 
    humidity | 
  
  
    | 視程 | 
    visibility | 
  
  
    | 視程距離 | 
    range of visibility | 
  
  
    | 視程計 | 
    visibility meter | 
  
  
    | 視程障害 | 
    poor visibility / visibility hindrance | 
  
  
    | 自動制御 | 
    automatic control | 
  
  
    | 視認性 | 
    visibility | 
  
  
    | 自発光式視線誘導標 | 
    self-emitting delineator, light-emitting delineator | 
  
  
    | 地吹雪 | 
    blowing snow, drifting snow | 
  
  
    | 市民・行政・企業 | 
    residents, the city, contractors | 
  
  
    | 市民へのアンケート調査 | 
    questionnaire of citizens | 
  
  
    | 霜 | 
    frost | 
  
  
    | 霜穴 | 
    frost hollow/frost pocket | 
  
  
    | シャーベット | 
    slush | 
  
  
    | 社会教育 | 
    social education | 
  
  
    | 車庫 | 
    garage | 
  
  
    | 車道除雪 | 
    carriageway snow removal | 
  
  
    | 車道幅員確保基準 | 
    standard road width | 
  
  
    | 柔圧雪 | 
    soft-compaced snow | 
  
  
    | 渋滞緩和 | 
    ease traffic congestion | 
  
  
    | 縦断勾配 | 
    longitudinal gradient | 
  
  
    | 重点課題 | 
    goal | 
  
  
    | 重点施策 | 
    policy | 
  
  
    | 住民 | 
    resident | 
  
  
    | 受託者 | 
    contractor | 
  
  
    | 出動指数 | 
    call-out index | 
  
  
    | 主要幹線(道路) | 
    main trunk road | 
  
  
    | 主要交通発生源 | 
    main origin of traffic | 
  
  
    | 省エネルギー | 
    energy saving | 
  
  
    | 少子高齢化 | 
    aging demographic | 
  
  
    | 照度 | 
    illuminance | 
  
  
    | 情報表示板 | 
    variable information board | 
  
  
    | 情報共有体制 | 
    information-sharing system | 
  
  
    | 情報通信技術 | 
    telecommunications technology | 
  
  
    | 情報板 | 
    variable message board | 
  
  
    | 消耗(雪氷の) | 
    ablation | 
  
  
    | 除雪 | 
    ploughing, snow clearance, ploughing, snow removal | 
  
  
    | 除雪延長 | 
    treatment length | 
  
  
    | 除雪業者 | 
    snow removal contractor | 
  
  
    | 除雪作業支援マップ | 
    snow-removal support map | 
  
  
    | 除雪パートナーシップ制度 | 
    the partnership-based snow removal system | 
  
  
    | 除排雪 | 
    snow removal / snow hauling | 
  
  
    | 新雪除雪 | 
    removal of fresh snow | 
  
  
    | 浸透速度 | 
    seepage velocity | 
  
  
    | ストレートプラウ | 
    blade type (or straight-blade) snowplough | 
  
  
    | スノーポール | 
    marker post for snow clearing | 
  
  
    | 滑り測定装置 | 
    friction measurement device | 
  
  
    | 滑り抵抗試験 | 
    skid resistance test | 
  
  
    | すべり止め材 | 
    abrasiv, grit, gritters | 
  
  
    | 滑り摩擦係数 | 
    coefficient of sliding friction | 
  
  
    | 滑り易さ | 
    slipperiness | 
  
  
    | スポット散布 | 
    pot application | 
  
  
    | すりばち状 | 
    cone-shaped / conical | 
  
  
    | 生活道路 | 
    residential road | 
  
  
    | 生活道路パートナーシップ排雪 | 
    promoting snow removal/hauling through partnership with residents for residential streets, snow hauling from residential roads by partnership | 
  
  
    | 清掃工場 | 
    an incineration plant | 
  
  
    | 積算温度 | 
    cumulative temperature | 
  
  
    | 積雪 | 
    snow covering | 
  
  
    | 積雪寒冷地 | 
    snowy cold region | 
  
  
    | 積雪深 | 
    snow depth | 
  
  
    | 雪害 | 
    snow damage | 
  
  
    | 雪層 | 
    layer of snow | 
  
  
    | 絶対湿度 | 
    absolute humidity | 
  
  
    | 雪堤、雪山 | 
    windrow of snow, snow bank, snow mound | 
  
  
    | 測定値 | 
    measurement, measured value | 
  
  
    | 雪氷の消耗 | 
    ablation of snow and ice | 
  
  
    | 全面散布 | 
    extensive application | 
  
  
    | 総合病院 | 
    general hospital | 
  
  
    | 走行部 | 
    traveling section, traffic section | 
  
  
    | 相対湿度 | 
    relative humidity | 
  
  
    | 第11回国際冬期道路会議ルレオ大会 | 
    XIth International Winter Road Congress in Lulea | 
  
  
    | 第X次札幌市長期総合計画 | 
    Xth Sapporo Long-term Comprehensive Plan | 
  
  
    | 第X回PIARC国際冬期道路会議 | 
    Xth PIARC International Winter Road Congress | 
  
  
    | 堆雪 | 
    snow piles (on road shoulders) | 
  
  
    | 堆雪スペース | 
    snow-pilling space on roadsides | 
  
  
    | 対流 | 
    convection | 
  
  
    | 地域住民 | 
    local resident | 
  
  
    | 地域内雪処理型の融雪槽 | 
    snow-melting tank for local disposal of snow | 
  
  
    | 地域内雪処理システム | 
    local snow disposal system | 
  
  
    | 着氷性の霧 | 
    freezing fog | 
  
  
    | 中央分離帯部 | 
    the center strip | 
  
  
    | 注視点 | 
    fixation point | 
  
  
    | 追跡調査 | 
    follow-up study | 
  
  
    | 通学路 | 
    school road | 
  
  
    | 通過交通 | 
    through traffic | 
  
  
    | 粒雪、つぶ雪 | 
    large snowflakes | 
  
  
    | つぶ雪下層氷板 | 
    larger snowflakes with an underlying ice layer | 
  
  
    | つるつる対策 | 
    countermeasures for slippery road | 
  
  
    | つるつる路面 | 
    extremely slippery winter road, very slippery road | 
  
  
    | 低温貯蔵施設 | 
    low-temperature storage facility | 
  
  
    | 停留時間 | 
    stationary time | 
  
  
    | 電気容量 | 
    electric capacity | 
  
  
    | 天気予報 | 
    weather forecast | 
  
  
    | 転倒 | 
    falling | 
  
  
    | 転倒事故 | 
    pedestrian injury due to falling | 
  
  
    | 電熱線 | 
    heating wire | 
  
  
    | 凍雨 | 
    sleet | 
  
  
    | 冬期維持管理 | 
    winter maintenance | 
  
  
    | 冬期維持管理車両 | 
    winter maintenance vehicle | 
  
  
    | 冬期維持管理受託業者 | 
    winter maintenance contractor | 
  
  
    | 冬期維持管理プラン | 
    winter maintenance plan | 
  
  
    | 冬期間の生活ルール | 
    rules for winter life | 
  
  
    | 冬期生活環境 | 
    winter living environment | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路 | 
    winter road | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路維持管理 | 
    winter road maintenance | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路監視 | 
    winter road surveillance | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路交通の円滑化と安全性の向上 | 
    improved road traffic safety and flow in winter | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路情報システム | 
    winter road information system | 
  
  
    | 冬期道路のサービスレベル | 
    winter serviceability of a road | 
  
  
    | 冬期歩行環境 | 
    winter pedestrian environment | 
  
  
    | 冬期歩行空間 | 
    pedestrian space in winter | 
  
  
    | 冬期路面 | 
    winter road surface | 
  
  
    | 冬期路面管理基準の確立 | 
    establishing criteria for winter road surface control | 
  
  
    | 凍結深 | 
    frost depth | 
  
  
    | 凍結(点)センサー | 
    freezing point sensors | 
  
  
    | 凍結防止剤 | 
    anti-freezing agents, chemicals, salt, deicer, de-icing, anti-icing agent | 
  
  
    | 凍結防止剤散布ルート | 
    salting route | 
  
  
    | 凍結防止剤自動散布装置 | 
    de-icer spraying installation / system | 
  
  
    | 凍結防止剤倉庫 | 
    salt barns; conveyor belt; mechanical bucket | 
  
  
    | 凍結抑制舗装 | 
    freezing-prevention pavement | 
  
  
    | 凍結抑制効果 | 
    freezing prevention effect | 
  
  
    | 凍結路面対策 | 
    countermeasures to icy roads | 
  
  
    | 導水管(スパイラルドレーン) | 
    spiral drain method | 
  
  
    | 道路維持管理 | 
    road maintenance | 
  
  
    | 道路管理者 | 
    road administrator | 
  
  
    | 道路気象情報システム | 
    Road weather Information Systems (RWIS) | 
  
  
    | 道路種別 | 
    the road category | 
  
  
    | 道路状況 | 
    road condition | 
  
  
    | 道路情報板 | 
    road information board | 
  
  
    | 道路除雪 | 
    road snow removal | 
  
  
    | 冬期路面管理基準 | 
    level of service (LOS) for winter road management | 
  
  
    | 都市間交通 | 
    intercity traffic | 
  
  
    | 苫小牧寒地試験道路 | 
    Tomakomai Winter Test Track | 
  
  
    | 雪崩 | 
    avalanche, snow slide | 
  
  
    | 雪崩対策 | 
    protection against avalanches | 
  
  
    | 雪崩 | 
    snow slide | 
  
  
    | 軟風 | 
    breeze | 
  
  
    | 南北軸道路 | 
    road running north-south | 
  
  
    | 日最高気温 | 
    daily maximum temperature | 
  
  
    | 日平均降雪量 | 
    daily mean snowfall | 
  
  
    | 尿素 | 
    urea | 
  
  
    | 二連携一環状1バイパス11放射道路 | 
    two linkage, one ring, one bypass and eleven radial roads | 
  
  
    | 熱電対 | 
    thermocouple | 
  
  
    | 熱容量 | 
    heat capacity | 
  
  
    | パートナーシップによる冬期生活環境の充実 | 
    improved winter living conditions, supported by partnership | 
  
  
    | 排水性舗装 | 
    drainage pavement | 
  
  
    | 排水層 | 
    drainage layer | 
  
  
    | 白霜 | 
    hoar frost | 
  
  
    | 発光高度 | 
    delineator height | 
  
  
    | 発生頻度 | 
    occurrence frequency | 
  
  
    | ヒータ線 | 
    heating wire | 
  
  
    | 被験者 | 
    subject | 
  
  
    | 非常に滑りやすい圧雪 | 
    very slippery compacted snow | 
  
  
    | 非常に滑りやすい氷膜・氷板 | 
    very slippery ice film and ice sheet | 
  
  
    | 飛雪 | 
    driven snow | 
  
  
    | 人と環境にやさしい雪対策の実現 | 
    realization of snow and ice control that is friendly to people and the environment | 
  
  
    | ひょう | 
    hail | 
  
  
    | 表層 | 
    surface layer, surface course | 
  
  
    | 氷点降下 | 
    depression of freezing point temperature | 
  
  
    | 氷点 | 
    freezing point | 
  
  
    | 氷板 | 
    ice sheet, ice layer | 
  
  
    | 氷膜 | 
    ice film | 
  
  
    | 風速計 | 
    anemometer | 
  
  
    | 風冷 | 
    wind chill | 
  
  
    | 吹き溜まり | 
    snow drift | 
  
  
    | 福祉除雪 | 
    welfare-oriented snow removal | 
  
  
    | 副読本「私たちの冬の暮らし | 
    supplementary reader "Our Life in winter" | 
  
  
    | 吹雪 | 
    blowing snow | 
  
  
    | ブライン | 
    brine | 
  
  
    | ブラックアイス | 
    glaze ice, black ice | 
  
  
    | ブロアー | 
    snowblower | 
  
  
    | 分岐 | 
    turnout | 
  
  
    | 平行電極 | 
    pararell electrode | 
  
  
    | 併用 | 
    pararell use | 
  
  
    | 防寒対策 | 
    cold-protection measure | 
  
  
    | 防雪柵 | 
    snow-fence | 
  
  
    | 防雪施設 | 
    snow protection equipment | 
  
  
    | 防雪対策 | 
    snow protection methods | 
  
  
    | 防雪林 | 
    plantation for snow protection | 
  
  
    | 暴風雪 | 
    severe snowstorm | 
  
  
    | 歩行者交通量 | 
    pedestrian traffic volume | 
  
  
    | 補助幹線(道路) | 
    collector road | 
  
  
    | 舗装体 | 
    pavement body | 
  
  
    | 北方都市会議 | 
    Northern City Conference | 
  
  
    | 歩道ロードヒーティング補助金制度 | 
    subsidy system for sidewalk road heating | 
  
  
    | マイカー | 
    privately owned cars | 
  
  
    | 間口 | 
    an entrance fronting on the street | 
  
  
    | 待合所 | 
    shelter | 
  
  
    | マルチセンサー | 
    multi-sensor | 
  
  
    | マルチゾーン除雪 | 
    multi-zone snow removal | 
  
  
    | 水べた雪 | 
    slush | 
  
  
    | 見通し | 
    visibility | 
  
  
    | 未利用エネルギー | 
    waste energy | 
  
  
    | 無散布 | 
    no treatment | 
  
  
    | 目視 | 
    visual observation | 
  
  
    | 目標空隙率 | 
    void content objective, desired value of void content | 
  
  
    | 融解 | 
    thaw | 
  
  
    | 融解時間 | 
    melting time | 
  
  
    | 有識者による懇談会 | 
    discussion sessions with experts | 
  
  
    | 融雪 | 
    snow melting | 
  
  
    | 融雪施設設置資金融資あっせん制度 | 
    facility constructed with loan/subsidy for snow-facility introduction | 
  
  
    | 融雪水 | 
    snowmelt water | 
  
  
    | 融雪槽 | 
    snow-melting tank | 
  
  
    | 融雪槽の整備 | 
    construction of snow-melting tanks | 
  
  
    | 誘電式路面凍結検知機 | 
    dielectric road ice detector | 
  
  
    | 雪 | 
    snow | 
  
  
    | 雪国 | 
    snowy region / snow country | 
  
  
    | 雪さっぽろ21計画 | 
    Snow Sapporo 21 Plan | 
  
  
    | 雪処理体制 | 
    snow removal and disposal system | 
  
  
    | 雪氷対策 | 
    snow and ice control measures | 
  
  
    | 雪氷対策アンケート調査 | 
    questionnaire on snow and ice control measures | 
  
  
    | 雪対策システム | 
    system of snow and ice control measures | 
  
  
    | 雪対策施設 | 
    snow and ice control facility | 
  
  
    | 雪堆積場 | 
    snow-dumping site | 
  
  
    | 雪解け | 
    snowmelt | 
  
  
    | 雪解け水 | 
    snowmelt water | 
  
  
    | 雪に強い街区の形成 | 
    developing built-up areas such that they resist snow accumulation | 
  
  
    | 予測曲線 | 
    forcasting curve | 
  
  
    | 余熱 | 
    residual heat | 
  
  
    | 流雪溝 | 
    snow-flowing gutter | 
  
  
    | 冷熱エネルギー | 
    cold energy | 
  
  
    | ロードヒーティング | 
    road heating | 
  
  
    | 路肩 | 
    road shoulder | 
  
  
    | 路体温度 | 
    road body temperature | 
  
  
    | 路面 | 
    road surface | 
  
  
    | 路面温度 | 
    road surface temperature | 
  
  
    | 路面温度因子の係数 | 
    parameter of road temperature factor | 
  
  
    | 路面温度センサー | 
    road surface temperature sensors | 
  
  
    | 路面管理除雪 | 
    snow removal for road surface management | 
  
  
    | 路面状況 | 
    road surface condition | 
  
  
    | 路面水準 | 
    road surface LOS | 
  
  
    | 路面整正除雪 | 
    snow removal for surface leveling | 
  
  
    | 路面凍結検知器 | 
    road ice detector | 
  
  
    | 路面凍結検知システム | 
    ice detection system | 
  
  
    | わだち | 
    rut |